International Journal of Research in Advanced Electronics Engineering
2026, Vol. 7, Issue 1, Part A
Design of wireless battery state-of-health monitoring system for electric three-wheeler fleet
Author(s): Somchai Rattanaporn
Abstract: Electric three-wheelers, known locally as electric tuk-tuks, represent a growing segment of Thailand's urban transportation electrification efforts, yet fleet operators lack practical tools for monitoring battery degradation and planning replacement schedules. This research presents the design and implementation of a wireless battery state-of-health monitoring system enabling real-time tracking of lithium iron phosphate battery condition across distributed vehicle fleets. The monitoring system comprises vehicle-mounted units featuring ESP32 microcontrollers interfaced with battery management system data buses, extracting cell voltages, pack current, and temperature measurements at one-second intervals. An extended Kalman filter algorithm estimates state-of-charge while a capacity fade model tracks state-of-health degradation based on cumulative charge throughput and operating conditions. LoRa wireless communication transmits compressed health data to fleet gateways at fifteen-minute intervals, with subsequent cloud upload enabling centralized dashboard visualization and alert generation. Field deployment across a 25-vehicle electric tuk-tuk fleet operating in Bangkok over eighteen months validated system performance and characterized battery degradation patterns under tropical urban operating conditions. The monitoring system achieved state-of-health estimation accuracy within ±2.3% compared to reference capacity tests, with internal resistance tracking correlation of 0.94 against electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Average battery degradation rate was 1.15% per month, with heavy-use vehicles exhibiting 40% faster degradation than light-use vehicles. The wireless architecture achieved 98.7% data delivery reliability across the urban operating area, with LoRa range adequate for depot-based gateway coverage of the entire fleet. Cloud platform alerts enabled proactive maintenance scheduling, with the system providing average 60-day advance warning before batteries reached the 70% state-of-health replacement threshold. Fleet operators reported 35% reduction in unexpected battery failures and estimated annual savings of ฿45,000 per vehicle through optimized replacement timing and reduced roadside assistance incidents. The research demonstrates that practical battery health monitoring for electric three-wheeler fleets can be achieved with low-cost wireless sensor technology, enabling the transition from reactive to predictive battery maintenance essential for sustainable fleet electrification. The system architecture and algorithms are directly applicable to other light electric vehicle categories proliferating across Southeast Asian urban transportation networks.
DOI: 10.22271/27084558.2026.v7.i1a.80
Pages: 71-76 | Views: 12 | Downloads: 4
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How to cite this article:
Somchai Rattanaporn. Design of wireless battery state-of-health monitoring system for electric three-wheeler fleet. Int J Res Adv Electron Eng 2026;7(1):71-76. DOI: 10.22271/27084558.2026.v7.i1a.80
